Can human resources for health in the context of noncommunicable disease control be a lever for health system changes?

Perspectives Major global shifts are shaping health priorities in the wake of new challenges and emerging opportunities. While reaffirming a commitment to accelerate progress on the Millennium Development Goals, discussions on the post-2015 agenda have also focused on the importance of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). 1 Efforts are also under way to enhance countries' commitment to universal health coverage (UHC) and to overcome the system constraints that are hampering progress towards achieving disease-specific targets. Despite auspicious directions, the journey is fraught with obstacles. A focus on human resources for health (HRH) in the context of NCD control could be a lever for health system change after 2015 by leading to measures designed to improve health systems more broadly. This view is supported by several trends. First, the required shift from the care of acute infectious diseases to chronic conditions entails a reorientation of health systems for which human resources can be an important lever. This effect has been shown in programmes for the control of human immunodefi-ciency virus (HIV) infection that have relied heavily on changes in the terms and conditions of employment: task sharing and task shifting strategies were designed; information systems, supply chains and service delivery norms were tailored towards chronic disease care; new referral systems and appointment and defaulter tracking methods were introduced; and worker training was focused on the use of new instruments , such as appointment books, patient counselling guidelines, medical records and standardized treatment protocols. 2 Besides these measures, HIV programmes have also employed non-traditional human resource strategies in the form of engagement with nongovernmental organizations, service recipients, peer educators, treatment partners and expert clients. 3 In the context of NCD management, human resources can be strategically leveraged in similar fashion to reorient systems towards chronic care more broadly. Second, the " health in all policies " approach is gaining appeal with the growing recognition that many paths towards improving health lie outside the health-care system. 4 New steward-ship capacities are required to ensure appropriate institutional mechanisms and partisan agreements, a collabora-tive division of labour, a commitment to shared goals and accountability for results. Change is possible only if the right human resource competencies are present at the starting point. The prevention and control of NCDs provide a platform for intersectoral engagement, both through " health in all policies " and through a more issue-centric approach, such as tobacco control. 5 Third, NCDs are the …